Contents

Preface..........ix

Introduction..........xiii

I. The Question of a Separate Peace with Germany, and the Birth of the White Idea ..........1

National Rebirth during the Revolution..........11

The Nationality Question from the Perspective of the High Command..........17

Developments in Ukraine up to the Separate Peace..........19

The Nationality Question in Russian Liberal Thought..........27

Nationalism and Federalism in Ukraine..........31

II. “Russia One and Indivisible” and Ukraine..........35

The Political Objectives of the Volunteer Army..........39

Developments in Kyiv and the Volunteer Army..........44

Russian Interpretations of the Ukrainian Question..........49

Russian Anti-Bolshevik Organizations in Kyiv..........52

III. An Indivisible or a Democratic Russia: The Root of the White Dilemma ..........57

A White General in a Liberal Saddle..........58

A Black Knight in the White Army..........66

“Bolsheviks of the Right” in the Civil War..........72

IV. The Questions of Russia’s Indivisibility and Ukraine at the Paris Peace Conference..........83

Divided at Home, United Abroad..........88

The Nationality Question in International Politics..........93

The Ukrainian Question and the Entente Intervention..........105

V. A Divided or a Bolshevik Russia: Which Was the Lesser Evil?..........119

Denikin and the UNR Directory..........125

Denikin and the Ukrainian Galician Army: An Unholy Alliance..........134

VI. The Crimean Experiment: Wrangel and the Nationality Question..........145

Nationality Policy in the Rightists’ Hands..........149

The Polish-Ukrainian Alliance..........152

The Implementation of the Nationality Program..........156

VII. Conclusions..........165

Bibliography..........177

Index..........193